Character Analysis The Twyborn Affair - 1570 Words

2 The Twyborn Affair 2.1 Identity The protagonist plays three different roles in the story, which is divided into three distinct but essentially unrelated sections. In a small town in Mediterranean France, the protagonist appears as a woman named Eudoxia Vatatzes, who is the lover of an elderly Greek man, Angelos. Then in Australia, the protagonist becomes a man, Eddie Twyborn. Later in London, his identity shifts to Eaddie Trist, the doyenne of a house of prostitution. At the outset of the novel, despite the calmness of the relationship between Eudoxia and Angelos, their love is gradually fading. When Joan Golsen, the lesbian lover of Eudoxia’s mother, appears, Eudoxia escapes the town due to the fear of discovery. The†¦show more content†¦After escaping to the farm as a â€Å"he†, Eddie feels determined to conquer the farm owner’s wife in order to establish male subjectivity. However, Eddie is often defeated by her aggressive femininity. Once, while Eddie is alone, he is driven by strong desire to dress up in woman’s clothes, lying in bed and dreaming of masculinity. The two identities, Eudoxia and Eddie, start to blend with each other here. Meanwhile, the complexity of the relationship between Eddie and the farm manager furthers his struggles. When they are together, they often have intense lust toward each other, but the seemingly consensual sexual behaviors are all done under dreadful violence. Self-consciousness is a concept that the protagonist tries hard to avoid. Instead of saying that E, including all three identities, is seeking for the real self, it’s better to interpret his experience as an escape from reality. Androgyny brings confusion and pain to his entire life, and all his struggles seem meaningless within the gap of feminine and masculine worlds. In the fixed binary opposition, he is the Other who cannot fit into either category. There are certain characters that show strong sympathy and understanding toward the protagonist’s situation. The financial backer of the brothel, after Eaddie shows her tiredness and detest toward the worldly love between men and women, falls in love with her deeply. However, due to the fear that her complex identity will

The Types of Love Experiences in Homer’s The Odyssey

The Paradox Called Love Love is a supernatural force that unites two beings, whether they are the two most unlikely candidates or childhood friends, and it inspires hope in all. Homer’s The Odyssey is the tale of the epic hero Odysseus on his quest back from the Trojan War, and all the hardships he faces as a result of his decisions. Throughout the course of the book, love plays a large role, and is his fuel to return to Ithaka, his home. There are three types of love are presented in the epic; lust, which is purely sexual and lacks a deeper meaning, family love, such as that displayed between Odysseus and his men, colleagues and Telemakhos, and lastly there is true love, which is shown between Odysseus and Penelope, true love holding the most value and power over all other forms of love. The first and most evident type of love is lustful love, which is very one sided, and shown on multiple occasions during the course of the book. After Odysseus has spent seven years with Kaly pso, Hermes comes to inform Kalypso that Zeus has ordered the return of Odysseus. Kalypso is very sad at his departure, leading her to ask why he would leave her for Penelope: â€Å"Can I be less desirable than she is? / Less interesting? Less beautiful? Can mortals / compare with goddesses in grace and form?† (V. 220-222). Kalypso’s love for Odysseus is genuine, but her feelings are not returned, as Odysseus has only become her partner in bed, and he is there only because he cannot escape. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy And Dantes Inferno1079 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus is viewed as a brave and virtuous hero by most people, especially the Greeks. However, the poet Dante Alighieri shares a much different view within his book The Divine Comedy: Inferno. Dante was born and raised in Italy and therefore had a natural hate for everything Greek related. The Inferno was written thousands of years after the Trojan war, and yet Dante still ha d a burning grudge against the Greeks for the way in which they defeated the Romans. Dante also validatedRead MoreEssay on Gender in the Odyssey1002 Words   |  5 Pageswise, and eloquent. He gains much of his knowledge through travel, the meeting of different cultures and peoples and learns from suffering and mistakes. He is an aristocrat and a warrior of all warriors. We first learn of many of these traits in Homers Iliad. Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek army always calls on Odysseus for assignments that required someone cunning and brilliant. Agamemnon sends Odysseus to ask Achilles to return to the army and sends him with Diomedes into the Trojan campRead More The Underworld as the Key to Living the Greek Life Essay2198 Words   |  9 PagesThe Underworld as the Key to Living the Greek Life Beyond relaying a fantastic journey, featuring a glorified hero who embodies to perfection Greek ideals, Homer uses the epic books of The Odyssey to explore all the nuances of Greek culture. Each part of The Odyssey possesses a purpose beyond detailing popular mythology. Book Eleven’s Underworld becomes the culmination of all the values and ideals that Homer touches on in prior books. Homer uses the underworld as a catchall to reinforce societalRead MoreThe Muse of History by Derek Walcott1751 Words   |  7 Pageswillfully acquired offer inspiration for artists. In Derek Walcott’s essay, â€Å"The Muse of History,† he compares two different views of writers who have experienced colonialism the classical and the other radical. 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Homer is the composer of the Iliad and the Odyssey, he was viewed as the greatest poet, and his work influenced many poets after him. It is likely that Homer learned the poems from generations beforeRead More How James Joyce Challenges His Readers in Ulysses and Finnegans Wake2592 Words   |  11 Pagesplots, always innovative and always astonishing. In Ulysses, Joyce parallels the day of his protagonist, Leopold Bloom, with the journeys of Odysseus from Homers Odyssey. Chapter by chapter, Blooms travels throughout Dublin, along with the experiences of his young friend Stephen Dedalus and his unfaithful wife Molly, parallels the Odyssey. All the chapters are there: Telemachus, Nestor, Proteus, Calypso, the Lotus-Eaters, Hades, Aeolus, Lestrygonians, Scylla and Charybdis, Sirens, CyclopsRead MoreJames Joyces Ulysses: An Analysis2500 Words   |  10 PagesAmerican journal. 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Organisational Behaviour Ch7 Free Essays

CHAPTER 7 DECISION MAKING AND CREATIVITY Describe the six stages in the rational choice decision process Decision making: the conscious process of making choices among alternatives with the intention of moving toward some desired state of affairs. Rational choice paradigm of decision making: the view in decision making that people should and typically do, use logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value. Decision making involves identifying, selecting and applying the best possible alternative. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Behaviour Ch7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The best decision use pure logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value Such as highest expected profit, customer satisfaction, employee wellbeing or some combination of these outcomes. Subjective expected utility: the probability (expectation) of satisfaction (utility) resulting from choosing a specific alternative in a decision. Decision making process: systematic application of stages of decision making. 1. Identify problem or opportunity 2. Choose the best decision process 3. Develop alternative solutions 4. Choose the best alternative . Implement the selected option 6. Evaluate decision outcomes Problem with Rational choice paradigm: 1. Impossible to apply in reality 2. Difficulty recognising problems 3. Process the huge volume of information 4. Difficulty recognising when choices have failed 5. Focusing on logical thinking, ignores emotion influence making decision IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES Explain why people have difficulty with it Problem identification is not just the first step in decision making: it is the most important There are five most widely recognised concerns. Stakeholder framing: attention-based theory of the firm: states that, organisational decisions and actions are influenced mainly by what attracts management’s attention, rather than by objective reality. Mental mode: if an idea does not fit the existing mental mode of how things should work, the idea is dismissed as unworkable or undesirable. Decisive leadership: being decisive includes quickly forming an opinion of whether an event signals problem or opportunity. Many decisions happens too quickly before having a chance to logically assess the situation, more often it is a poorer decision than would result if more time had been devoted to identify the problem and evaluating the alternatives. Solution-focused problems: decision makers engage in solution-focused problem identification because it provides comforting closure to the otherwise ambiguous and uncertain nature of problems. Perceptual defence: people sometimes block out bad news as a coping mechanism. Some people inherently avoid negative information. People are more likely to disregard danger signals when they have limited control over the situation. Identifying problems and opportunities more effectively * Be aware of the 5 problem identification biases * Increase awareness of problem identification, need willpower to resist the temptation of looking decisive * Create a norm of â€Å"divine discontent† * Discussing the situation with others to ease difficulty EVALUATING AND CHOOSING ALTERNATIVES Explain why people do not follow the rational choice model when evaluating alternative choices Bounded rationality: the view that people are process limited and imperfect information and rarely select the best choice. Problem with goals: assumes that organisational goals are clear and agreed on. Goals are often ambiguous or in conflict with each other. Problem with information processing: assumes that decision makers can process info about all alternatives and in their consequences, but it is not possible in reality. Implicit favourite: preferred alternative that the decision maker uses repeatedly as a comparison with other choices. iased decision heuristics: key element of rational choice paradigm, as people can estimate the probabilities of outcomes. 1. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic: people to be influenced by an initial anchor point such that they do not sufficiently move away from that point as new info is provided. Initial info influences evaluation of subsequent info 2. Availability heuristic: we estimate probabilities by how easily we can recall the event, even tho ugh other factors influence it. 3. Representativeness heuristic: we estimate probabilities by how much they are similar to something else, even when better information available. Problem with maximisation: people engage in satisficing, selecting an alternative that is good enough rather than the alternative with the highest value. To choose the best alternative is also demand more info processing capacity than what they willing to apply. Making the best choice among many, can be cognitively and emotionally draining. Evaluating opportunities: opportunity is different from the process of problem solving. Decision makers not evaluate alternatives, after all, the opportunity is the solution, so why look further, they tend to have an emotional attachment to the opportunity. EMOTIONS AND MAKING CHOICES: Describe 3 ways in which emotions influences the selection of alternatives 1. Emotions from early preferences: emotions form preferences before we consciously evaluate those choices 2. Emotions change the decision evaluation process: moods and emotions influence how well we follow the decision process. . Emotions serve as info when we evaluate alternatives: we â€Å"listen in† on our emotions and use that info to make choices Intuitive decision making: ability to know when a problem or opportunity exist and select the best action without conscious reasoning. * Gut feelings we experience are emotional signals that have enough intensity to make us aware * Not all emotional signals are intuitions * Intuitions are involves rapidly comparing nonconscious analysis Making choices more eff ective: Systematically evaluate alternatives against relevant factors * Be aware of effects of emotions on decision preferences and evaluating process * Scenario planning: imagining possible future, choosing the best possible solution long before they occur Evaluating decision outcomes: confirmation bias known as â€Å"post-decisional justification† * Forget or downplay the negative features of selected alternative and highlight the positive features * Typically nonconscious and driven by emotions * Gives people an excessively optimistic evaluation of their decision Escalation of Commitment: the tendency to repeat an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a falling course of action 4 main causes of escalation: 1. Self-justification: individuals motivated maintain course of action when need to justify their action 2. Prospect theory effect: a natural tendency to feel more dissatisfaction from losing a particular amount than satisfaction from gaining an equal amount 3. Perceptual blinders: occurs because decision makers do not see the problems soon enough, they screen out or explain away negative information, serious problems looks like random errors 4. Closing costs: decision makers will because the cost of ending the project are high or unknown Evaluating decision outcomes more effectively: * Separate decision makers from evaluators to minimise self-justification * Establish a preset level to abandon or re-evaluate the project * Find a source of systematic and clear feedback * Involve several people in the evaluation EMPLOYEE INVOLVMENT IN DECISION MAKING Describe benefits of employee involvement in decision making Employee involvement: when employees influence how their work is organised and carried out Benefits: improves quality and commitment – recognising problem more quicker – defining problem more accurately – improve solutions generated – specific conditions improves the evaluation of alternatives Contingencies of employee involvement Identify four option thet affect the optimal level of employee involvement 1. Decision structure: decision can be programmed and non-programmed, programmed decision need less involvement, because solution is already worked out from past incidents 2. Source of decision knowledge: employee have relevant knowledge than leaders, it is improves decision quality 3. Decision commitment: participation is improving employee commitment 4. Risk of conflict: employee goals and norms conflict with the organisation’s goals, whether employees will reach agreement on the preferred solution CREATIVITY Outline the four steps in creative process Creativity: the development of original ideas that make a socially recognised contribution Rely on to find problems, alternatives and implement solutions Creative process: 1. Preparation: person or team effort to gain knowledge and skills regarding the problem or opportunity, clear understanding of what we are trying to achieve 2. Incubation: the period of reflective thoughts, put the problem aside, however our mind is still working on it, maintain a low level of awareness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ divergent thinking† reframing the problem and generating different approaches to the issue â€Å"convergent thinking†: calculating the accepted â€Å"right answer† to logical problem 3. Insight: refers to experience of suddenly becoming aware of a unique idea CHARACTERISTICS OF CREATIVE PEOPLE Describe the characteristics of creative employee and workplaces that support creativity 1. Cognitive and practical intelligence: creative people recognise the significance of small bits of information and are able to connect them in ways like no one else could imagine, they also have practical intelligence, the capacity to evaluate the potential usefulness of their ideas 2. Persistence: higher need for achievement, a strong motivation from the task itself and a moderate or high degree of self-esteem, persistence is vital because creative ideas meet with plenty of resistance from others as well as failures along the way to success 3. Subject knowledge and experience: creative people have sufficient knowledge and experience on subject 4. Independent imagination: -high openness to experience, moderately low need for affiliation, high self-direction stimulation values Creative work environment * Learning orientation: leaders recognise that employees make reasonable mistakes as part of the creative process, and need to tolerate â€Å"creativity comes from failure† * Work motivation: employees can be more creative if they believe their work. Benefit the organisation * Open communication and sufficient resources Activities that encourage creativity How to cite Organisational Behaviour Ch7, Papers

Taxation of Individual

Questions: Part One: Income tax ratesMartha is a resident who is 40 years old and has $170,000 of taxable income for the current income year. Calculate her basic income tax liability.Part Two: Ordinary incomeIn 1979, a doctor who lived and worked in Sydney purchased a 20 acre parcel of rural land on the outskirts of the city for $100,000. Over the years, he used the property as a hobby farm for growing fruit trees and as a weekend retreat for relaxation. Recently, the surrounding area has become more developed and the property has increased in value substantially. The doctor has also recently run into financial difficulties as a result of a malpractice suit and he is considering selling the property. Advise him as to whether he would be required to include any amount in his assessable income as a result of the sale.Part Three: General deductionsCompare the decision in FC of T v Anstis (2009) with the decisions in Lunney and Hayley v FC of T (1958) and FC of T v Maddalena. Is it possible to reco ncile the outcomes in these cases?Requiremens talk about genereal deductions what are the similarities between these cases what are the differences between these cases how is it different/outcomes? Provide summary of each case first and discuss similarities differences?Part Four: Provisions that deny or limit deductionsDiscuss some of the circumstances in which entertainment expenditure is deductible?Requirements cover all sections? Talk about cases or give example different areas allowed Answers: Part One: Income Tax Rate As per the rules of the Australian taxation law the resident is being taxed on the tax slabs set for the under the ITAA. The taxation structure of the resident of Australia Mr. Maratha would be as under. Name of the Resident: Martha, Age: 40 Years Taxable Income of Current Year = $170,000 Income Tax liability = $17,547 + 37c per $1 above $80,000 = $17,527 + 37C* (170,000 80,000) = $17,527 + $33,300 = $50,827 Add: 1.5% Medical Levy = 1.5% * 50,827 = 762.40 Total Liability = $50,827 + $762.4 = $ 51,589.4The total tax that has to be paid by Mr. Martha would be 51589 that would be as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act after the medical levy of 1.5% on the total tax payable as per the ITAA. Part Two: Ordinary Income As per GST Act of Australia sale of farmland is free from GST if following two condition is satisfied: a) The Land is being used by the assesses for farming business for at least five years before the date of sale. The five years would be calculated prior to the date of sale which means the resident has to hold the land at least for five years before he can sell the land to the buyer to avoid the value of GST on thus sale of land.b) The buyer is intended to use it for farming business. The buyer should intend that he should carry on farming business on the land sold to the farmer. Then only the benefit is available. It needs to be further seen that only intention is needed and not actual practice of farming so if by any reasons no farming was done exemption would still be there.However, as per Income Tax Act of Australia any gain arising from sale of farm land will be considered as Capital gain and should be included in the Assessable Income. So no benefit is given on capital gains earned from the sale of land. The same capital gain will be charged at standard rate. However, if the as set has been held for more than one year then we can avail the Indexation benefit under the indexation method of calculating capital gains. Indexation benefit: If the Asset has been acquired before 21 September 1991, the cost base Indexed as per the movement in the consumer price Index and the same is frozen as at 30th September 1999. So, in the given case Capital gain will be charged to the doctor who lived and worked in Sydney. Further, the profit arising from the sale of farm land, need to be included in his assessable income. However, the doctor will be eligible for indexation benefit as discussed above. Part Three: General Deduction Case of FC of T v Anstis (2009) In this case the Federal court allowed the self education deduction claimed by the Assesses which was incurred by him in the course of earring the Youth Allowance. The Expenses was incurred by the assesses on Administrative fees of student, textbooks, depreciation of computer, travelling expenses other than to university. The Court found that the Expenses was incurred in deriving the Youth income and also satisfied the criteria as specified in Section 8-1 of the Act. So the expenses would be allowed as per the income tax act. Lunney and Hayley v FC of T (1958) In this case the court states the fares paid by the Assesses on travelling from home to the place of employment and also from place of employment to home will not be allowed as deduction. The Court ruled that the travelling expenses are incurred in the way of going to the employment and not in the course of employment as specified in section 8-1 of the Act. So, no deduction will be allowed for the expenses on fares incurred. FC of T v Maddalena In this case High Court held the expenses incurred by the Assesses in the self - education of will not be allowed as deduction, if such study is designed to get the employment or new employment. The Expenses is considered as incurred in gaining or producing the assessable income. Any expense incurred in for the purpose will be allowed as a deduction under the Income Tax Act of Australia. Part Four: Provision that deny or Limit Deduction As per the Income Tax Act of Australia, generally the Entertainment expenses are not allowed even if the expenses are incurred specifically for the business purpose such as expenses incurred in entertaining the client or business lunch. However, there is certain situation in which such entertainment expenses is allowed which is as follows: 1) Expenses which has been incurred in the ordinary course of business where the entertainment is provided to the paying client. Such as in hotel, theatres, restaurant e.t.c.2) Entertainment allowance given to the employees provided the same is included in his assessable income. 3) Expenses incurred in the recreation facility that is situated in the office premises and used by the employee on working days. Such as pool, gym etc.4) Expenses which have been incurred in providing the Fringe benefit to the employee.5) Expenses incurred in providing overtime meal to the employee under an industrial award.6) The Expenses on food and drink which has been incurred in seminar of at least four hours.7) Expenses incurred on gratuitous entertainment provided to the sick, poor and disabled public. Example. Organizing Christmas party in child hospital.8) Expenses incurred in the advertising the goods and service of the company. References Calculator, T. (2014-2015). Australian Income Tax calculator. Capital Gain. (2014, june 11). Retrieved 2014, from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/. Government. (2014). Austrailian taxation office. Retrieved from ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/MEI/downloads/ind39784n17290614.pdf Office, A. T. (n.d.). ATO, Deductions for Business. Retrieved from ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Deductions-for-business/What-you-can-claim-and-when/What-is-an-allowable-deduction-/ Property. (2014, june 12). Retrieved 2014, from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/Your-home-and-other-real-estate/Selling-your-rental-property/.