A Bronx Tale Cologero :: Robert Di Nero Bronx Tale Essays

A Bronx Tale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cologero "A Bronx Tale" is a film directed by Robert Di Nero about a boy named Cologero (an Italian white male) and his life as he grows up in a town occupied by the mob. Colegero had two strong adult influences in his life.   They were his father, Lorenzo, and a mob leader named Sonny.   In the film there were a three scenes that especially demonstrated the influence Sonny and Lorenzo had on Cologero. An example of Lorenzo's influence on his son takes place in front of their apartment in which Cologero is a witness to a crime Sonny committed.   An example of   Sonny's influence on Cologero is when Sonny demeans Mickey Mantle in front of him. This then causes Cologero to have negative feelings about Mickey Mantle someone he has idolized his whole life.   Another scene that shows Sonny's influence on Cologero is when Cologero takes Sonny's advice to go out with a black woman from his school, even though his father doesn't agree with inter-racial relationships.   This spec ific event perhaps shows that Sonny had more of an impact on Cologero than Lorenzo did. Early in Cologero's childhood, around the age of ten years, he witnessed the shooting of a man over a parking space by Sonny (a powerful mob leader who Cologero admired).Cologero's father, Lorenzo wanted nothing to do with Sonny or the mob.   As a result, when the police detectives questioned Cologero about the murder, Lorenzo insisted his son knew nothing of it.This led Cologero to believe that his father didn't want him to tell the truth.   The detectives took Cologero outside to point out the murderer and Cologero denied that any of them were at the scene of the crime.Sonny then befriended Cologero and gave him the nickname "C".This shows that Cologero's father influenced him to lie to the police because Lorenzo led his son to believe he didn't want him to tell the truth and Cologero did not.One day while Sonny was talking with "C", who was still approaching adolescence , he said something that affected "C" and perhaps hurt his feelings in a major way.  Ã‚   Sonny explained to Cologero that his baseball hero, Mickey Mantle, didn't care about him or anyone else.   Sonny told "C" that Mickey Mantle made over 200, 000 dollars a year and would never pay his rent or do anything for him.

Jericho

Jericho is a Palestinian city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank. It lies at latitude 31 52 degrees north and longitude 35 39 degrees east and is 250 metres below sea level. Jericho is one of the most ancient human habitations. Bartlett (1982) suggests the most ancient human remains were found in it, some of which go back to 5000 years B. C. Bartlett also believes some settlements date back to 9000 years B. C. The Ancient city was occupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967 (Bartlett, 1982). Over centuries communities became abandoned and new settlements set up. Hunters were attracted to this location because of the abundant water sources nearby. Aqueducts and other irrigation systems were built early on, making the city an agricultural center. By 8000 BC, about 2,000 people had permanently settled near present-day Jericho (Metzger and Coogan, 1993). Jericho was an important city in the Old Testament. The city was overtaken and devastated several times. However, it was always reoccupied — sometimes quickly and other times very slowly. Herod the Great, Cleopatra, and Augustus are some of the mighty rulers that once took claim of some or all of Jericho. Many Galileans would travel through the Jordan valley and go by Jericho on their route to Jerusalem. By taking this course, they could avoid passing through Samaritan territory (Metzger and Coogan, 1993). Jericho later fell to the Babylonians, but was rebuilt when the Jews were allowed to return from their exile. The city continued to be a resort during the rule of the succeeding empires. For Christians, Jericho took on importance because of its association with John the Baptist, who was said to have been baptised by the banks of the Jordan on the eastern boundary of the city. The Romans destroyed the old city in the first century, but it was rebuilt in its present location by the Byzantines. The city briefly returned to glory when Caliph Hisham Ibn Abd el-Malik built his winter palace in Jericho in 743, but an earthquake destroyed virtually the entire city just four years later. The city later fell to the Crusaders and then was recaptured by Saladin. Jericho was largely ignored and deserted for centuries afterward. The economy of this time was in a transition from one of gathering food, to an economy of producing food. The earliest inhabitants are known as the An -Natifiyyun. These people relied on gathering wild seeds for food. It is unlikely that they planted these seeds, but rather harvested them using tools. These tools included scythes with flint edges and straight bone handles. They used stone mortars with handles to grind the seeds. Some of the An-Natifiyyun lived in nearby caves. Others lived in primitive villages, excelling in architecture. Over the course of time, they learned how to make sun-dried bricks, and began to build more substantial dwellings. These dwellings were round huts, constructed from flat-bottomed bricks, which curved at the higher edge. Canals were dug from ancient Jericho to the nearby Ein Al-Sultan spring. These canals provided ample supplies of water for residential use. As their economy progressed, they used these canals to irrigate their fields. They constructed walls 6. 56 feet (2m) in width to surround and enclose their villages. Within these walls they erected a massive tower, (9m) in diameter, and (10m) in height. Today Jericho is often referred to as the oldest city on earth, with a history of over ten thousand years. This ancient city is located in the region of Canaan at the lower end of the Jordan valley about eight miles north of the Dead Sea. Hunters were attracted to this location because of the abundant water sources nearby. Aqueducts and other irrigation systems were built early on, making the city an agricultural center. By 8000 BC, about 2,000 people had permanently settled near present-day Jericho Jericho was an important city in the Old Testament. The city was overtaken and devastated several times. However, it was always reoccupied — sometimes quickly and other times very slowly. The city of Jericho, now identified with Tel es-Sultan, is thought by some archaeologists to be as much as 11,000 years old, making it one of the oldest sites of human settlement in the world. The earliest evidence of human occupation is a Mesolithic shrine and there is evidence one city build overtop of another for several millennia. The most prominent features of ancient Jericho would have been the large, high walls. It is the oldest walled city in human history and walls remain a significant aspect of archaeological digs. Jericho had stonewalls by 7,000 BCE, even before the invention of pottery. The first walls at Jericho were built during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period, indicating that violence and conflict were important parts of Jericho's history for a very long time. The first permanent settlement was built near the Ein as-Sultan spring between 10,000 and 9000 BC. As the world warmed, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists called â€Å"Pre-Pottery Neolithic A† which were characterized by small circular dwellings, burials of the dead within the floors of buildings, reliance on hunting wild game, the cultivation of wild or domestic cereals, and no use of pottery. At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes. During the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, settlement-phase the architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bounding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room ( with internal divisions, the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkish terrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors. The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. A skull cache would contained seven skulls. The jaws were removed and the faces covered with plaster; cowries were used as eyes. As new settlements arose they began to encourage the growth of plants such as barley and lentils and the domestication of pigs, sheep and goats. People no longer looked for their favorite food sources where they occurred naturally. Now they introduced them into other locations. An agricultural revolution had begun. The ability to expand the food supply in one area allowed the development of permanent settlements of greater size and complexity. The people of the Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000-5000 B. C. ) organized fairly large villages. Jericho grew into a fortified town complete with ditches, stone walls, and towers and contained perhaps 2000 residents. Although agriculture resulted in a stable food supply for permanent communities, the revolutionary aspect of this development was that the community could bring what they needed (natural resources plus their tool kit) to make a new site inhabitable. This development made it possible to create larger communities and also helped to spread the practice of agriculture to a wider area. The presence of tools and statues made of stone not available locally indicates that there was also some trading with distant regions. Agricultural society brought changes in the organization of religious practices as well. Sanctuary rooms decorated with frescoes and sculptures of the heads of bulls and bears shows us that structured religious rites were important to the inhabitants of these early communities. At Jericho, human skulls were covered with clay in an attempt to make them look as they had in life suggesting that they practiced a form of ancestor worship. Bonds of kinship that had united hunters and gatherers were being supplemented by religious organization, which helped to regulate the social behavior of the community. Because it is one of the oldest human settlements and perhaps the oldest walled city in history, archaeological excavations at Jericho provide invaluable information about how people lived and died thousands of years ago. Numerous tombs, furniture, pottery, and beads have been discovered. Politically, Palestine was a collection of independent city states at this time, with each city under the control of one King. The presence of massive defense walls suggests that these independent city-state Kings frequently attacked each other. The walls of Jericho from this time attest to that theory. Over the course of a 600 year period, beginning around 2900 B. C. E. , the walls of Jericho were rebuilt sixteen times. Invaders are not the only cause of this, as earthquakes, water in the foundations, and other natural causes played a role in the constant maintenance of the city defense structures. Most people know about Jericho in connection with the biblical stories of how the Hebrews conquered Canaan. Under the leadership of Joshua, they marched around the city seven times and God caused the walls to collapse as stated in the bible. Jericho is a religious city that has withstood the test of invasion, destruction, and time.

Socialisation After Adolescence Essay - 1426 Words

Essay Summary 1) Adult socialization is a time of learning new roles and statuses. 2) Peer Groups are strong socializing agents for adolescents who are still trying to find their own identity. 3) Radio, television, cinema, newspapers, magazines, music, and the Internet are powerful agents of socialization. 4) The state almost shapes our life cycle. 5) School plays a major role in socializing adolescents. It is a place of education where the individual learns to socialize with both authority (teachers) and peers. 6) As parents of school-aged children, adults are confronted by a range of socialization forces from school. 7) As one moves out of adolescence new, tensions and agents of socialization affect the individual’s life namely,†¦show more content†¦As Schaefer and Lamm cited, males usually spend more time with a group of males whereas females seem to have a single close female friend (1994). These differences in emotional intimacy show that females have strong emotional ties and males prefer group activity. Peer groups aid in letting the individuals gain independence from parents however most adolescents remain emotionally and economically dependent on parents (Schaefer RT and RP Lamm 1994,69) .In unstable families peer groups are a form of stability for the adolescent.It seems adolescence is a time when the individual participates less in the family activities and more with the peer group. This is because the adolescent is trying to form an identity. This causes a struggle between still being young and wanting to be independent. Schaefer and Lamm noted that peer groups assist in the transition to adult responsibilities(1994). Peer groups therefore serve a valuable function. Mass Media Radio, television, cinema, newspapers, magazines, music, and the Internet are powerful agents of Socialization. Television is a leisure activity, which has a range of viewers, and therefore many members of society are socialised by this medium. Television can be harmful as one imitates what is on television and this can threaten authority (White G 1977). Television advertisements actually socialise people into certain behaviour patterns. For instance infomercialsShow MoreRelatedSocialisation, Personal Identity, Gender Identity And Gender Roles1313 Words   |  6 PagesSocialisation, Personal identity, Gender Identity and Gender Roles: Boundless.com defines ‘Socialisation’ as â€Å"a term used to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies providing the individual with the skills and habits necessary for precipitating within one’s society, thus the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained† (Boundless.com, 2015). The process of socialisation involves an individual such as an adolescent to have interactionsRead MoreEssay on Discuss the Importance of Socialisation1557 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the importance of socialisation. Socialisation is defined as â€Å"the process whereby the helpless human infant gradually becomes a self-aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he or she was born†. (Giddens, 284). Everybody, man, woman and child goes through the process of socialisation throughout the whole duration of their life not just when an infant. Socialisation or as anthropologists refer to it, enculturation does not end once the child becomes a teenagerRead MoreWild and Rebellious Adolescence1601 Words   |  7 Pages The movie thirteen is a raw psychodrama directed by Catherine Hardwicke is based on the life of a young teenage girl, Tracy Freeland whom catapults from pre adolescence/childhood to a wild and rebellious thirteen year old girl. 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Liberal feminist Ann Oakley supports that in order to resolve the current crisis facing the Australian workforce; younger generations must be addressed to achieve gradual change through socialisation. Of the many factors which militate against women’s political careers, the conditioned socialisation of young girls is superfluous. Oakley states that â€Å"Despite a reduction of gender differences in the occupational world in recent years, one occupational role remains entirely feminine: the roleRead MoreOutline and Evaluate the View That the Nuclear Family Has a Negative Impact Upon Its Members.2993 Words   |  12 Pagesfamily, unconventional families; single parent families, homosexual families and reconstituted families; step families. Single parent families and step families usually occur after ‘irretrievable breakdown’ of marriage, resulting in divorce. However, it could be that a martial partner or partner has died or left unexpectedly, and after this a new intimate relationship is formed and the couple is likely to procreate. Other characteristics of a nuclear family are: parents having high-paid or good occupationsRead MoreProblems Related to Identifying/Diagnosing and the Assessment of Depression in Adolescents Taking Into Account Gender and Contextual Factors.2291 Words   |  10 PagesDifficulties in assessing and diagnosing depression in adolescents 5. Risk Factors for Depression in Adolescents 5.1 Gender: Boys vs Girls 5.2 Contextual risk factors 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction As with the ‘terrible twos’, adolescence is a period in their child’s life that many parents dread. This can be a stressful time in a young person’s life and the emotional turbulence can impact on everyone around them. This is also a time when depression can easily be overlooked, as sudden

Character Analysis The Twyborn Affair - 1570 Words

2 The Twyborn Affair 2.1 Identity The protagonist plays three different roles in the story, which is divided into three distinct but essentially unrelated sections. In a small town in Mediterranean France, the protagonist appears as a woman named Eudoxia Vatatzes, who is the lover of an elderly Greek man, Angelos. Then in Australia, the protagonist becomes a man, Eddie Twyborn. Later in London, his identity shifts to Eaddie Trist, the doyenne of a house of prostitution. At the outset of the novel, despite the calmness of the relationship between Eudoxia and Angelos, their love is gradually fading. When Joan Golsen, the lesbian lover of Eudoxia’s mother, appears, Eudoxia escapes the town due to the fear of discovery. The†¦show more content†¦After escaping to the farm as a â€Å"he†, Eddie feels determined to conquer the farm owner’s wife in order to establish male subjectivity. However, Eddie is often defeated by her aggressive femininity. Once, while Eddie is alone, he is driven by strong desire to dress up in woman’s clothes, lying in bed and dreaming of masculinity. The two identities, Eudoxia and Eddie, start to blend with each other here. Meanwhile, the complexity of the relationship between Eddie and the farm manager furthers his struggles. When they are together, they often have intense lust toward each other, but the seemingly consensual sexual behaviors are all done under dreadful violence. Self-consciousness is a concept that the protagonist tries hard to avoid. Instead of saying that E, including all three identities, is seeking for the real self, it’s better to interpret his experience as an escape from reality. Androgyny brings confusion and pain to his entire life, and all his struggles seem meaningless within the gap of feminine and masculine worlds. In the fixed binary opposition, he is the Other who cannot fit into either category. There are certain characters that show strong sympathy and understanding toward the protagonist’s situation. The financial backer of the brothel, after Eaddie shows her tiredness and detest toward the worldly love between men and women, falls in love with her deeply. However, due to the fear that her complex identity will

The Types of Love Experiences in Homer’s The Odyssey

The Paradox Called Love Love is a supernatural force that unites two beings, whether they are the two most unlikely candidates or childhood friends, and it inspires hope in all. Homer’s The Odyssey is the tale of the epic hero Odysseus on his quest back from the Trojan War, and all the hardships he faces as a result of his decisions. Throughout the course of the book, love plays a large role, and is his fuel to return to Ithaka, his home. There are three types of love are presented in the epic; lust, which is purely sexual and lacks a deeper meaning, family love, such as that displayed between Odysseus and his men, colleagues and Telemakhos, and lastly there is true love, which is shown between Odysseus and Penelope, true love holding the most value and power over all other forms of love. The first and most evident type of love is lustful love, which is very one sided, and shown on multiple occasions during the course of the book. After Odysseus has spent seven years with Kaly pso, Hermes comes to inform Kalypso that Zeus has ordered the return of Odysseus. Kalypso is very sad at his departure, leading her to ask why he would leave her for Penelope: â€Å"Can I be less desirable than she is? / Less interesting? Less beautiful? Can mortals / compare with goddesses in grace and form?† (V. 220-222). Kalypso’s love for Odysseus is genuine, but her feelings are not returned, as Odysseus has only become her partner in bed, and he is there only because he cannot escape. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy And Dantes Inferno1079 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus is viewed as a brave and virtuous hero by most people, especially the Greeks. However, the poet Dante Alighieri shares a much different view within his book The Divine Comedy: Inferno. Dante was born and raised in Italy and therefore had a natural hate for everything Greek related. 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He says that there is the â€Å"common experience† of colonialism, but one should not remain fixated on the past (36). Derek Walcott and Jean Rhys are deemed as classical writers since such writers â€Å"have gone past the co nfrontation of history, that Medusa of the New World,† and instead of becomingRead More The Serpent-Vampire in Keats Lamia Essay3101 Words   |  13 PagesThe Serpent-Vampire in Keatss Lamia   Ã‚  Ã‚   The origin of the lamia myth lies in one of the love affairs of Zeus. The Olympian falls in love with Lamia, queen of Libya, which was, for the Greeks, the whole continent of Africa. When Hera finds out about their love, she destroys each of Lamias children at birth. In her misery, Lamia withdraws to the rocks and caves of the sea-coast, where she preys on other womens children, eating them and sucking their blood. To recompense his mistress, ZeusRead MoreGreece And Rome : Models For The U.s. 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The eighteen episodes were eventually put together in the form of a novel and published in 1922, in Paris, by Sylvia Beach. Ulysses is one of the most complex and structured novels of modernist literature, and the analogy to Homers Odyssey is revealed at various levels, such as the similarity between Leopold Bloom and Ulysses, the similarity between Molly Bloom and Penelope, or the various themes which exist in both works. The author often mentioned the complex construction of theRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey2866 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Homer’s Odyssey is the only surviving poem from a cycle of poems called the Nostoi (â€Å"the Returns†), which told of the returns home of the various Greek heroes at Troy† (Norcott, 2012). The Odyssey is one of many accounts of the Greek heroes that took part in the Trojan War. Odysseus’ story was just one that survived after all of these years. The story came out as an Epic only because of how the people revered the heroes as they started many trends, such as Odysseus’ Trojan horse. â€Å"These epics lie

Organisational Behaviour Ch7 Free Essays

CHAPTER 7 DECISION MAKING AND CREATIVITY Describe the six stages in the rational choice decision process Decision making: the conscious process of making choices among alternatives with the intention of moving toward some desired state of affairs. Rational choice paradigm of decision making: the view in decision making that people should and typically do, use logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value. Decision making involves identifying, selecting and applying the best possible alternative. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Behaviour Ch7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The best decision use pure logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value Such as highest expected profit, customer satisfaction, employee wellbeing or some combination of these outcomes. Subjective expected utility: the probability (expectation) of satisfaction (utility) resulting from choosing a specific alternative in a decision. Decision making process: systematic application of stages of decision making. 1. Identify problem or opportunity 2. Choose the best decision process 3. Develop alternative solutions 4. Choose the best alternative . Implement the selected option 6. Evaluate decision outcomes Problem with Rational choice paradigm: 1. Impossible to apply in reality 2. Difficulty recognising problems 3. Process the huge volume of information 4. Difficulty recognising when choices have failed 5. Focusing on logical thinking, ignores emotion influence making decision IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES Explain why people have difficulty with it Problem identification is not just the first step in decision making: it is the most important There are five most widely recognised concerns. Stakeholder framing: attention-based theory of the firm: states that, organisational decisions and actions are influenced mainly by what attracts management’s attention, rather than by objective reality. Mental mode: if an idea does not fit the existing mental mode of how things should work, the idea is dismissed as unworkable or undesirable. Decisive leadership: being decisive includes quickly forming an opinion of whether an event signals problem or opportunity. Many decisions happens too quickly before having a chance to logically assess the situation, more often it is a poorer decision than would result if more time had been devoted to identify the problem and evaluating the alternatives. Solution-focused problems: decision makers engage in solution-focused problem identification because it provides comforting closure to the otherwise ambiguous and uncertain nature of problems. Perceptual defence: people sometimes block out bad news as a coping mechanism. Some people inherently avoid negative information. People are more likely to disregard danger signals when they have limited control over the situation. Identifying problems and opportunities more effectively * Be aware of the 5 problem identification biases * Increase awareness of problem identification, need willpower to resist the temptation of looking decisive * Create a norm of â€Å"divine discontent† * Discussing the situation with others to ease difficulty EVALUATING AND CHOOSING ALTERNATIVES Explain why people do not follow the rational choice model when evaluating alternative choices Bounded rationality: the view that people are process limited and imperfect information and rarely select the best choice. Problem with goals: assumes that organisational goals are clear and agreed on. Goals are often ambiguous or in conflict with each other. Problem with information processing: assumes that decision makers can process info about all alternatives and in their consequences, but it is not possible in reality. Implicit favourite: preferred alternative that the decision maker uses repeatedly as a comparison with other choices. iased decision heuristics: key element of rational choice paradigm, as people can estimate the probabilities of outcomes. 1. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic: people to be influenced by an initial anchor point such that they do not sufficiently move away from that point as new info is provided. Initial info influences evaluation of subsequent info 2. Availability heuristic: we estimate probabilities by how easily we can recall the event, even tho ugh other factors influence it. 3. Representativeness heuristic: we estimate probabilities by how much they are similar to something else, even when better information available. Problem with maximisation: people engage in satisficing, selecting an alternative that is good enough rather than the alternative with the highest value. To choose the best alternative is also demand more info processing capacity than what they willing to apply. Making the best choice among many, can be cognitively and emotionally draining. Evaluating opportunities: opportunity is different from the process of problem solving. Decision makers not evaluate alternatives, after all, the opportunity is the solution, so why look further, they tend to have an emotional attachment to the opportunity. EMOTIONS AND MAKING CHOICES: Describe 3 ways in which emotions influences the selection of alternatives 1. Emotions from early preferences: emotions form preferences before we consciously evaluate those choices 2. Emotions change the decision evaluation process: moods and emotions influence how well we follow the decision process. . Emotions serve as info when we evaluate alternatives: we â€Å"listen in† on our emotions and use that info to make choices Intuitive decision making: ability to know when a problem or opportunity exist and select the best action without conscious reasoning. * Gut feelings we experience are emotional signals that have enough intensity to make us aware * Not all emotional signals are intuitions * Intuitions are involves rapidly comparing nonconscious analysis Making choices more eff ective: Systematically evaluate alternatives against relevant factors * Be aware of effects of emotions on decision preferences and evaluating process * Scenario planning: imagining possible future, choosing the best possible solution long before they occur Evaluating decision outcomes: confirmation bias known as â€Å"post-decisional justification† * Forget or downplay the negative features of selected alternative and highlight the positive features * Typically nonconscious and driven by emotions * Gives people an excessively optimistic evaluation of their decision Escalation of Commitment: the tendency to repeat an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a falling course of action 4 main causes of escalation: 1. Self-justification: individuals motivated maintain course of action when need to justify their action 2. Prospect theory effect: a natural tendency to feel more dissatisfaction from losing a particular amount than satisfaction from gaining an equal amount 3. Perceptual blinders: occurs because decision makers do not see the problems soon enough, they screen out or explain away negative information, serious problems looks like random errors 4. Closing costs: decision makers will because the cost of ending the project are high or unknown Evaluating decision outcomes more effectively: * Separate decision makers from evaluators to minimise self-justification * Establish a preset level to abandon or re-evaluate the project * Find a source of systematic and clear feedback * Involve several people in the evaluation EMPLOYEE INVOLVMENT IN DECISION MAKING Describe benefits of employee involvement in decision making Employee involvement: when employees influence how their work is organised and carried out Benefits: improves quality and commitment – recognising problem more quicker – defining problem more accurately – improve solutions generated – specific conditions improves the evaluation of alternatives Contingencies of employee involvement Identify four option thet affect the optimal level of employee involvement 1. Decision structure: decision can be programmed and non-programmed, programmed decision need less involvement, because solution is already worked out from past incidents 2. Source of decision knowledge: employee have relevant knowledge than leaders, it is improves decision quality 3. Decision commitment: participation is improving employee commitment 4. Risk of conflict: employee goals and norms conflict with the organisation’s goals, whether employees will reach agreement on the preferred solution CREATIVITY Outline the four steps in creative process Creativity: the development of original ideas that make a socially recognised contribution Rely on to find problems, alternatives and implement solutions Creative process: 1. Preparation: person or team effort to gain knowledge and skills regarding the problem or opportunity, clear understanding of what we are trying to achieve 2. Incubation: the period of reflective thoughts, put the problem aside, however our mind is still working on it, maintain a low level of awareness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ divergent thinking† reframing the problem and generating different approaches to the issue â€Å"convergent thinking†: calculating the accepted â€Å"right answer† to logical problem 3. Insight: refers to experience of suddenly becoming aware of a unique idea CHARACTERISTICS OF CREATIVE PEOPLE Describe the characteristics of creative employee and workplaces that support creativity 1. Cognitive and practical intelligence: creative people recognise the significance of small bits of information and are able to connect them in ways like no one else could imagine, they also have practical intelligence, the capacity to evaluate the potential usefulness of their ideas 2. Persistence: higher need for achievement, a strong motivation from the task itself and a moderate or high degree of self-esteem, persistence is vital because creative ideas meet with plenty of resistance from others as well as failures along the way to success 3. Subject knowledge and experience: creative people have sufficient knowledge and experience on subject 4. Independent imagination: -high openness to experience, moderately low need for affiliation, high self-direction stimulation values Creative work environment * Learning orientation: leaders recognise that employees make reasonable mistakes as part of the creative process, and need to tolerate â€Å"creativity comes from failure† * Work motivation: employees can be more creative if they believe their work. Benefit the organisation * Open communication and sufficient resources Activities that encourage creativity How to cite Organisational Behaviour Ch7, Papers

Taxation of Individual

Questions: Part One: Income tax ratesMartha is a resident who is 40 years old and has $170,000 of taxable income for the current income year. Calculate her basic income tax liability.Part Two: Ordinary incomeIn 1979, a doctor who lived and worked in Sydney purchased a 20 acre parcel of rural land on the outskirts of the city for $100,000. Over the years, he used the property as a hobby farm for growing fruit trees and as a weekend retreat for relaxation. Recently, the surrounding area has become more developed and the property has increased in value substantially. The doctor has also recently run into financial difficulties as a result of a malpractice suit and he is considering selling the property. Advise him as to whether he would be required to include any amount in his assessable income as a result of the sale.Part Three: General deductionsCompare the decision in FC of T v Anstis (2009) with the decisions in Lunney and Hayley v FC of T (1958) and FC of T v Maddalena. Is it possible to reco ncile the outcomes in these cases?Requiremens talk about genereal deductions what are the similarities between these cases what are the differences between these cases how is it different/outcomes? Provide summary of each case first and discuss similarities differences?Part Four: Provisions that deny or limit deductionsDiscuss some of the circumstances in which entertainment expenditure is deductible?Requirements cover all sections? Talk about cases or give example different areas allowed Answers: Part One: Income Tax Rate As per the rules of the Australian taxation law the resident is being taxed on the tax slabs set for the under the ITAA. The taxation structure of the resident of Australia Mr. Maratha would be as under. Name of the Resident: Martha, Age: 40 Years Taxable Income of Current Year = $170,000 Income Tax liability = $17,547 + 37c per $1 above $80,000 = $17,527 + 37C* (170,000 80,000) = $17,527 + $33,300 = $50,827 Add: 1.5% Medical Levy = 1.5% * 50,827 = 762.40 Total Liability = $50,827 + $762.4 = $ 51,589.4The total tax that has to be paid by Mr. Martha would be 51589 that would be as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act after the medical levy of 1.5% on the total tax payable as per the ITAA. Part Two: Ordinary Income As per GST Act of Australia sale of farmland is free from GST if following two condition is satisfied: a) The Land is being used by the assesses for farming business for at least five years before the date of sale. The five years would be calculated prior to the date of sale which means the resident has to hold the land at least for five years before he can sell the land to the buyer to avoid the value of GST on thus sale of land.b) The buyer is intended to use it for farming business. The buyer should intend that he should carry on farming business on the land sold to the farmer. Then only the benefit is available. It needs to be further seen that only intention is needed and not actual practice of farming so if by any reasons no farming was done exemption would still be there.However, as per Income Tax Act of Australia any gain arising from sale of farm land will be considered as Capital gain and should be included in the Assessable Income. So no benefit is given on capital gains earned from the sale of land. The same capital gain will be charged at standard rate. However, if the as set has been held for more than one year then we can avail the Indexation benefit under the indexation method of calculating capital gains. Indexation benefit: If the Asset has been acquired before 21 September 1991, the cost base Indexed as per the movement in the consumer price Index and the same is frozen as at 30th September 1999. So, in the given case Capital gain will be charged to the doctor who lived and worked in Sydney. Further, the profit arising from the sale of farm land, need to be included in his assessable income. However, the doctor will be eligible for indexation benefit as discussed above. Part Three: General Deduction Case of FC of T v Anstis (2009) In this case the Federal court allowed the self education deduction claimed by the Assesses which was incurred by him in the course of earring the Youth Allowance. The Expenses was incurred by the assesses on Administrative fees of student, textbooks, depreciation of computer, travelling expenses other than to university. The Court found that the Expenses was incurred in deriving the Youth income and also satisfied the criteria as specified in Section 8-1 of the Act. So the expenses would be allowed as per the income tax act. Lunney and Hayley v FC of T (1958) In this case the court states the fares paid by the Assesses on travelling from home to the place of employment and also from place of employment to home will not be allowed as deduction. The Court ruled that the travelling expenses are incurred in the way of going to the employment and not in the course of employment as specified in section 8-1 of the Act. So, no deduction will be allowed for the expenses on fares incurred. FC of T v Maddalena In this case High Court held the expenses incurred by the Assesses in the self - education of will not be allowed as deduction, if such study is designed to get the employment or new employment. The Expenses is considered as incurred in gaining or producing the assessable income. Any expense incurred in for the purpose will be allowed as a deduction under the Income Tax Act of Australia. Part Four: Provision that deny or Limit Deduction As per the Income Tax Act of Australia, generally the Entertainment expenses are not allowed even if the expenses are incurred specifically for the business purpose such as expenses incurred in entertaining the client or business lunch. However, there is certain situation in which such entertainment expenses is allowed which is as follows: 1) Expenses which has been incurred in the ordinary course of business where the entertainment is provided to the paying client. Such as in hotel, theatres, restaurant e.t.c.2) Entertainment allowance given to the employees provided the same is included in his assessable income. 3) Expenses incurred in the recreation facility that is situated in the office premises and used by the employee on working days. Such as pool, gym etc.4) Expenses which have been incurred in providing the Fringe benefit to the employee.5) Expenses incurred in providing overtime meal to the employee under an industrial award.6) The Expenses on food and drink which has been incurred in seminar of at least four hours.7) Expenses incurred on gratuitous entertainment provided to the sick, poor and disabled public. Example. Organizing Christmas party in child hospital.8) Expenses incurred in the advertising the goods and service of the company. References Calculator, T. (2014-2015). Australian Income Tax calculator. Capital Gain. (2014, june 11). Retrieved 2014, from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/. Government. (2014). Austrailian taxation office. Retrieved from ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/MEI/downloads/ind39784n17290614.pdf Office, A. T. (n.d.). ATO, Deductions for Business. Retrieved from ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Deductions-for-business/What-you-can-claim-and-when/What-is-an-allowable-deduction-/ Property. (2014, june 12). Retrieved 2014, from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/Your-home-and-other-real-estate/Selling-your-rental-property/.